Adjustment of the waterway contains every constructional measure to a navigable channel, e.g. Broadening of curved waterways, deepening of the wat...

Land use conversion is a general term for large scale geographic change. Afforestation is one such land conversion in which trees are planted on pr...

Amphibious buildings lie on the ground out of flood periods and are likely to float when the water level rises during flood. They do not therefore ...

Aquifer recharge is achieved by adding surface water in basins, furrows, ditches, wells or other facilities where it infiltrates into the soil and ...

Naturally occurring sand dunes are wind-formed sand deposits representing a store of sediment in the zone just landward of normal high tides. Artif...

Beach nourishment is an adaptation technology primarily used in response to shoreline erosion, although flood reduction benefits may also occur. It...

A bioretention area is a stormwater treatment system that is a depression integrated into the landscape. A bioretention area captures runoff from a...

Breakwaters are structures constructed on coasts as part of coastal defense or to protect a port and port entrance from the effects of both heavy s...

Governments of emerging-economy countries raise money for disaster response and rehabilitation by diverting funds from other budgeted items such as...

Building elevation is a measure mainly suitable for new constructions, but it can also be applied on existing buildings. The building is elevated t...

A building relocation is the process of moving a building from one location to another. There are two main methods for a building to be moved: disa...

New and existing buildings in flood risk areas can be used as flood defence. The buildings should be completely integrated in the flood defence to ...

Crawlspaces vent the underside of a building and thereby prevent the moulding of dry wooden floors. However, with the introduction of concrete slab...

Bypass channel, also known as a flood-relief channel, is an artificially made waterway constructed in order to protect urban and rural agricultural...

Canals and rills are open surface water channels with hard edges. They are simply channels that water flows along whereby they can have a variety o...

The “system of cascading flood compartments” combines area prevention with constructional solutions. The idea is to (re)build a second dikeline of ...

A check valve or non-return valve is installed in pipes which are vulnerable for backflow in flood conditions. Backflow is known to take place in t...

Coastal setbacks are a prescribed distance to a coastal feature such as the line of permanent vegetation, within which all or certain types of deve...

Community involvement is a bottom up approach which involves the community in decision-making process. For example, communities living in flood-pro...

The purpose of urban drainage systems (a.k.a. collection systems) is to enable safe and reliable disposal of stormwater runoff (i.e., they are at t...

A second dike line is created by building other dikes, mostly bigger dikes, on the water side of existing dikes, which will not be removed. Buildin...

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established systematic fashion, which then enable...

This activity involves techniques to resolve the issues created by culverted watercourses. This is predominantly through deculverting, or ‘daylight...

Demountable flood protection barriers consist of a combination of removable and pre-installed permanent components. The system is planned to be ere...

A dike or levee is an elongated artificially constructed embankment, which protects low-lying areas against higher water levels. It is usually made...

Inspection of the flood protection dikes takes place in order to observe and assess the state of the dike and especially after a storm surge events...

Dike reinforcement describes the process of strengthening the dike by e.g. raising the dike height, widening of the dike crest, broadening the who...

A new dike is built further away from the river or the coast after which the existing dike is removed. This leads to an increase of the flood plain...

A ditch is usually defined as a small to moderate depression created to channel water. A ditch can be used for drainage, e.g. to drain water from l...

The term dredging is used to refer to the systematic removal of accumulated material from river or other watercourse channels. In its most extreme...

Dry floodproofing is a method of flood preparation that involves building designs and material choices that do not allow for the entry of floodwate...

A dwelling mound is an artificial hill made from earth, created to provide safe ground for humans and animals during storm surges. This concept ...

Through municipal archives, citizens will be able to be kept informed about both the natural and technological risks to which the municipality has ...

The main exit of a building is traditionally positioned at ground level. In case of a flood this only exit may be blocked by water and debris taken...

An Emergency Operation Centre (EOC) is a central location where response personnel can coordinate and make decisions in support of emergency respon...

Emergency supplies and utilities are necessary in case of a flood emergency. It should consist of food and drinks, first aid kit and other provisio...

EU adopted the Flood Risk Management Directive. Directive 2007/60/EC on the assessment and management of flood risks entered into force on 26 Novem...

The purpose of evacuation is to relocate people temporarily from areas at risk of the consequences of flooding to places of safety. Emergency evacu...

Evacuation routes at an elevated level are necessary as a route for safe evacuation in flood events. They should be constructed above the highest e...

Disasters and emergencies such as floods can affect people in any part of the world and at any time of the year, swiftly and without warning. Even...

A fascine is a bundle of sticks or brushwood used in construction, generally to strengthen an earthen structure, fill ditches, or make a path acros...

These are cellular barriers filled with aggregates or water to form a barrier against floodwater. Containers can be divided into two categories, pe...

A filter drain is a gravel filled trench, generally with a perforated pipe at the base. Runoff flows slowly through the granular material, trapping...

Filter strips are gently sloping, vegetated strips of land that provide opportunities for slow conveyance and infiltration (where appropriate). The...

Filter trenches are shallow excavations filled with rubble or stone that create temporary subsurface storage of stormwater runoff. These trenches c...

Flexible water level management involves anticipating precipitation that has been forecast. The water level is lowered before a shower is expected,...

Floating agriculture is a way of utilising areas which are waterlogged for long periods of time in the production of food. The technology is mainly...

The basic characteristic of floating buildings is that they are not supported by a firm foundation, but float on water. Traditional foundations are...

Road transport infrastructure and evacuation routes that are prone to flooding need to be flood proofed to reduce the vulnerability and negative im...

A flood control dam is a dam built to catch surface runoff and stream water flow in order to regulate the water flow in areas below the dam. Flood ...

Flood detention reservoir, also known as an attenuation or balancing or flood control reservoir or detention basin, collects water at times of ve...

Flood emergency framework sets out the government’s strategic approach to achieving the aims set out below and is intended for use by all those inv...

Flood forecasting is an important component of flood warning. Flood forecasting involves prediction of water levels and flows at particular locatio...

These barriers are made of a single or pair of rigid sections (usually steel or fibreglass), designed to close a gap within a flood defence. They a...

Flood hazard mapping is an exercise to define those areas which are at risk of flooding under extreme conditions. As such, its primary objective is...

Flood insurance is an important risk management tool that can be applied at various levels: individual, corporate and government. It provides a mec...

Floodplain excavation is a measure by which gradual height increase caused by sedimentation on flood plains may be counteracted. The floodplain can...

Evacuation routes and infrastructure in cities that are prone to flooding need to be flood proofed. Available options to reduce the negative impact...

Flood shelters are created in areas which experience severe flooding. Elevated flood shelters should be constructed above the highest expected floo...

A floodwall is a primarily vertical artificial barrier designed to temporarily contain the water of a river or other waterway which may rise to unu...

Frame barriers consist of rigid frames with impermeable membranes or sections spanning between them. They rely on supporting frames and the weight ...

These modular systems are made of impermeable materials and are joined together to form a continuous barrier or wall. These products are self suppo...

A common way for emerging-economy governments to raise funds after a disaster is to borrow from their central bank reserves or to issue government ...

Grated channels collects water at the side of the road and can channel water in storm drains into the harbour.

Green roof belongs in the category of SUstainable Drainage Systems (SUDS) and aims at source controlling. A green roof or living roof is a roof of ...

A green wall is a wall partially or completely covered with vegetation that includes a growing medium, such as soil. Most green walls also feature ...

A groyne is normally a straight structure perpendicular to the shoreline. Groynes work by blocking (part of) the littoral drift, whereby they trap/...

A gutter is a non-permeable open drain to collect transport rainwater. Usually a gutter runs along a road. It is connected to either a manhole or a...

A high water flood mark is a point that represents the maximum rise of a body of water over land. Such a mark is often the result of a flood and ai...

Hydraulic Fill is fill in which the materials are deposited by a flowing stream of water. This fill material will originate from a borrow area or d...

Hydrological and Meteorological Observatory is an observation service dedicated to long-term monitoring of climatological and hydrological changes....

Improved construction site preparation is focused on improving the strength and drainage capabilities of an area that is converted from a rural or ...

Increasing the capacity of the sewer/drainage system increases the ability of the system to drain excess surface water during heavy rains and preve...

Improving the soil infiltration capacity means improving the permeability of the soil. If the infiltration capacity of the soil is increased, more ...

An Independent commission is a politically independent executive arm. It is alone responsible for drawing up proposals for new legislation. (Europe...

Emerging-economy governments have the opportunity to borrow at low interest rates from international lending organizations aiming at pre-disaster p...

The main objective of land claim is neither erosion nor storm reduction. The aim of land claim is instead, to create new land from areas that were ...

Spatial planning systems are the methods used by the public sector to influence the distribution of people and activities in spaces of various scal...

Storm-Water, Drainage Master Plan was prepared by SBLA in 1992. In 2003 it was updated. About 60% has been implemented.

The pursuit of a safe, healthy and sustainable water management is of national interest in the Netherlands. Themes like "water and the city", "wat...

Set up regulations on maintenance of the hydraulic structures and drainage network infrastructures so that their maximum conveyance capacity will b...

Managed realignment or managed retreat allows an area that was not previously exposed to flooding by the sea to become flooded by removing coastal ...

Organizing and recording partnerships between the various actors so that optimal responsiveness of the population can be produced in case of a warn...

Multifunctional Flood Defences (MFD) is a newly developed concept to optimize allocation of urban space rather than constructing stand-alone struct...

The central concept for the revised water safety policy is formed by 'multi-layer safety'. In this concept safety is assured through multiple layer...

According to the UNDP, in the global context, capacity refers to the ability of individuals and institutions to make and implement decisions and pe...

The municipal plan expresses the shared goals, objectives and priorities of a community and allows its members to work together for a specific goal...

Ένα δίκτυο εσωτερικής ναυσιπλοΐας εστιάζει κυρίως στη διασύνδεση των υδάτινων σωμάτων που βρίσκονται σε κοντινές αποστάσεις. Συνδέοντάς τα, με υπόγ...

Permeable paving is a range of sustainable materials and techniques for permeable pavements with a base and sub base that allow the movement of wat...

A polder is a low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments (barriers) known as dikes that forms an artificial hydrological entity, meaning it ha...

A pond is a body of standing water, either natural or artificial, that is usually smaller than a lake. They may arise naturally in floodplains as p...

Restructuring of the layout of the port, its equipment and flood protection system.

Impose implementation of measures for mitigation and vulnerability reduction through the construction code of town planning. (ASFPM, Modifications ...

Inform local citizens and visitors about the major hazards through public meetings, flyers, website, training, collaborative platforms, brochures,...

A pumping station is used to discharge water out of an area. It can be used to transport sewer water in pressure mains. Another option is to be use...

A rain garden is a planted depression or a hole that allows rainwater runoff from impervious urban areas, like roofs, driveways, walkways, parking ...

Rainwater disconnection, i.e. the separation of the sewage system from the rainwater discharge system, is also a solution to prevent sewer flooding...

The term rainwater harvesting refers to reuse of stored water, including water purification, and can form part of a sustainable drainage system. Al...

One option for creating additional water storage facilities is storing in underground crates. This is a hidden technology that fits the criteria of...

Kerb or curb is the edge of the pavement at the side of the road. Water can be channeled along streets with raised kerbs and also to limit contact ...

A red alert emergency exercise enables the simulation/testing of population/authorities response and plans in case of an extreme flood event occurs...

The aim of flood rescue operations is to move people from immediate or potential harm to safety. Failed evacuation operations (e.g. evacuation oper...

Building a catastrophic reserve fund is one of the measures assisting risk management as it will enable claims to be provided in years with unusual...

In case of an extreme event the surface runoff is conveyed by the streets to a roundabout, where it is temporarily stored and infiltrated into the ...

Revetments are sloping structures placed on banks or cliffs in such a way as to absorb the energy of incoming water. River or coastal revetments ar...

Rip rap is large boulders of rock that are placed along the edge of the coastline and is sometimes referred to as rock armouring. They work by diss...

River training refers to the structural measures which are taken to improve a river and its banks. River training is an important component in the ...

Uncertainties in climate change make it difficult to predict precisely the required degree of protection. Often, when it is cheap, it is sensible t...

A sandbag is a bag or sack made of hessian / burlap, polypropylene or other materials, that is filled with sand or soil and it is used for flood de...

Seawalls are hard engineered structures with a primary function to prevent further erosion of the shoreline. They are built parallel to the shore a...

These systems consist of multiple sections made of rigid materials such as steel or fibreglass which are joined or interlocked to form a continuous...

Sediment replenishment method is one of new measures of sediment management mostly used in river systems where dams/reservoirs have been created. I...

Seepage barriers are constructed in order to control and mitigate the subsurface flow, or seepage of water. Depending on the method employed, they...

It is located west of the New Port of Limassol. The existing natural lake was formed and a basin was built at the entrance to hold the mud so it w...

A sluice is a gate used to control the rate of flow of water. It fulfills the function of a flood protection and hinterland drainage. In normal ope...

Soakaways are square or circular excavations either filled with rubble or lined with brickwork, pre-cast concrete or polyethylene rings/perforated ...

Social network mapping can help stakeholders to locate their place within a wider network, and this network can be communicated and explained to ot...

A stilt house is a raised structure that is most commonly built above water, although it also may be built over dirt or sand. It is sometimes calle...

Storm surge barriers are hard engineered structures with a primary function of preventing coastal flooding. Their secondary role is to shorten the ...

Stormwater harvesting (SWH) consists in collecting, storing and reusing stormwater collected from drains or creeks, on the contrary to rainwater ha...

Stormwater tanks are an effective way of reducing peak flow and equalising flow rates from storm water runoffs in the sewer system. Placed strategi...

A sunken lane (also hollow way or holloway) is a road or track which is significantly lower than the land on either side, not formed by the (recen...

A swale is a low tract of land, especially one that is moist or marshy. The term can refer to a natural landscape feature or a human-created one. A...

After a disaster, the government can raise funds for disaster rehabilitation with a tax. Like hedging instruments, a tax spreads the costs of the d...

Toroba is a homemade diversion structure that is used to divert flood water for water supply augmentation. It is built of wooden poles, taken from ...

Tubes (air filled or water filled) flood protection products are typically pre-fabricated geo-membrane or reinforced PVC tubes filled with air or w...

Many towns and cities have large numbers of unused sewers. It is often too expensive to remove them. Giving those unused sewers a second life for r...

An urban forest is a forest or a collection of trees that grow within a city, town or a suburb. In a wider sense it may include any kind of woody p...

Vulnerability assessment is important in to consider in risk management and flood damage assessment. Researches with vulnerability subject involves...

The water square combines water storage with the improvement of the quality of urban public space. It makes money invested in water storage facilit...

A weir is a barrier across a river designed to alter the flow characteristics. In most cases weirs take the form of obstructions smaller than most ...

Wet-floodproofing can be an appropriate approach to improve the flood resilience of new and existing buildings, particularly in areas at high flood...

A wetland (Natural or Constructed/Artificial) is a land area that is saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on ...

Wharf is the oldest term in English referring to port structures. It denotes any structure of timber, masonry, cement, or other material built alon...