Canals and rills are open surface water channels with hard edges. They are simply channels that water flows along whereby they can have a variety o...

A check valve or non-return valve is installed in pipes which are vulnerable for backflow in flood conditions. Backflow is known to take place in t...

This activity involves techniques to resolve the issues created by culverted watercourses. This is predominantly through deculverting, or ‘daylight...

Demountable flood protection barriers consist of a combination of removable and pre-installed permanent components. The system is planned to be ere...

A ditch is usually defined as a small to moderate depression created to channel water. A ditch can be used for drainage, e.g. to drain water from l...

These are cellular barriers filled with aggregates or water to form a barrier against floodwater. Containers can be divided into two categories, pe...

A filter drain is a gravel filled trench, generally with a perforated pipe at the base. Runoff flows slowly through the granular material, trapping...

These barriers are made of a single or pair of rigid sections (usually steel or fibreglass), designed to close a gap within a flood defence. They a...

Evacuation routes and infrastructure in cities that are prone to flooding need to be flood proofed. Available options to reduce the negative impact...

Frame barriers consist of rigid frames with impermeable membranes or sections spanning between them. They rely on supporting frames and the weight ...

A gutter is a non-permeable open drain to collect transport rainwater. Usually a gutter runs along a road. It is connected to either a manhole or a...

Improved construction site preparation is focused on improving the strength and drainage capabilities of an area that is converted from a rural or ...

Multifunctional Flood Defences (MFD) is a newly developed concept to optimize allocation of urban space rather than constructing stand-alone struct...

The central concept for the revised water safety policy is formed by 'multi-layer safety'. In this concept safety is assured through multiple layer...

Permeable paving is a range of sustainable materials and techniques for permeable pavements with a base and sub base that allow the movement of wat...

Kerb or curb is the edge of the pavement at the side of the road. Water can be channeled along streets with raised kerbs and also to limit contact ...

In case of an extreme event the surface runoff is conveyed by the streets to a roundabout, where it is temporarily stored and infiltrated into the ...

A sluice is a gate used to control the rate of flow of water. It fulfills the function of a flood protection and hinterland drainage. In normal ope...

Soakaways are square or circular excavations either filled with rubble or lined with brickwork, pre-cast concrete or polyethylene rings/perforated ...

Stormwater harvesting (SWH) consists in collecting, storing and reusing stormwater collected from drains or creeks, on the contrary to rainwater ha...

A swale is a low tract of land, especially one that is moist or marshy. The term can refer to a natural landscape feature or a human-created one. A...

Tubes (air filled or water filled) flood protection products are typically pre-fabricated geo-membrane or reinforced PVC tubes filled with air or w...

Wharf is the oldest term in English referring to port structures. It denotes any structure of timber, masonry, cement, or other material built alon...